A new mouse model to study the empathic fear and pain behavior / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Human beings possess the ability to indirectly acquire the emotions of others.This also known as emotional contagion or empathy,enables us to rapidly perceive the emotions of others.However,an excessive empathy may result in heightened fear and sensitivity to pain.Therefore,the establishment of appropri-ate animal models for analyzing neural mechanisms underlying empathy would contribute to pharmacological research on pain sensitivity caused by psychological sus-ceptibility.METHODS We used the observed fear para-digm for assessing contagion of negative emotions in mice.To minimize the impact of emotional contagion dif-ferences caused by the subject change,we established a bilateral observation area and the two mice were trained to observe fear simultaneously.First,two observer(OB)mice were placed on either side of the observational area.Next,a demonstrator(DM)mouse was introduced into the cylindrical shock cage located at the center of the apparatus.The shock cage is made of transparent organic plastic with air holes and has provided ample space for free movement by the DM mouse.During the shock stage,DM mice were subjected to electric stimulation while the behaviors of OB mice on both sides was observed,including freezing,the side and corner time,social interaction behavior.Additionally,c-Fos staining was utilized to confirm distinct local brain activities.RESULTS In the habituation stage,OB mice on both sides showed more social preference for DM mouse,as evidenced by an increase in duration time in the designat-ed interaction zone.During the shock phase,OB mice observed the DM mouse receiving electric shocks and displayed significantly higher levels of fear contagion;however,their fear behavior was not entirely consistent.Some mice exhibited a significant increase in freezing time,while others demonstrated a significant increase in corner and side exploration time.We utilized Z-normal-ization to evaluate changes in emotionality across vari-ous behaviors and identified mice with distinct susceptibil-ities.Fos-positive neurons exhibited higher expression levels in susceptible OB mice,primarily concentrated within brain regions associated with the ascending path-ways of pain perception,such as thalamus,the anterior insular cortex,and anterior cingulate cortex.CONCLU-SION In this study,we have developed an innovative experimental facility that integrates various behavioral tests to evaluate empathic behavior in mice.Our findings highlight the robustness of emotionality measures obtained from individual mice by combining this experi-mental model with the Z-scoring method,facilitating screening for empathic fear or pain-susceptible mice and will helpful for pharmacological evaluation.

Processing technology of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix unearthed from tomb of Haihunhou in the Western Han Dynasty / 中国中药杂志

With the rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix unearthed from the tomb of Haihunhou in the Western Han Dynasty as the re-ference, the present study evaluated the quality of Rehmanniae Radix and investigated the processing technology of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix to lay the foundation for the research on rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix products. With catalpol and rehmannioside D as the investigation indexes, the quality and grade of Rehmanniae Radix from different producing areas were evaluated with the methods in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. UPLC method was established for the determination of catalpol and rehmannioside D in the rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix. The effects of steaming time, the amount of supplementary rice, and steaming times in the rice-steamed processing on the quality of products were investigated by L_9(3~4) orthogonal test and multi-index comprehensive balance scoring method combined with the content of catalpol and rehmannioside D and appearance characteristics. At last, the stability of the processing technology was tested. The results showed that the optimal processing technology for rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix was as follows: Rehmanniae Radix and rice(200 g∶4 g) were steamed twice at atmospheric pressure, four hours each time. The mass fractions of catalpol and rehmannioside D were 0.184% and 0.335%, respectively, and the character score was 6.5. The processing conditions are reaso-nable, stable, and feasible. It can provide a basis for the restoration of the ancient rice-steamed processing technology and references for the development of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix products in the future.

Gout of feet and ankles in different disease durations: diagnostic value of single-source DECT and evaluation of urate deposition with a novel semi-quantitative DECT scoring system

Abstract Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic performance of single-source dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) based on gemstone spectral imaging technology (including Discovery CT750HD and Revolution CT) in patients with suspected feet/ankles gouty arthritis, and evaluate the urate deposition with a novel semi-quantitative DECT scoring system. Methods: A total of 196 patients were consecutively included. Feet and ankles were evaluated in all patients by single-source DECT scan. The 2015 EULAR/ACR criteria were used as the reference for the diagnosis of gout. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of DECT for the diagnosis of gout in the early (≤1 year), middle (1-3 years), and late (> 3 years) disease durations were calculated. Besides, a novel semi-quantitative DECT scoring system was assessed for the measurement of urate deposition, and the correlation between the scores and the clinical and serological data were also evaluated. Moreover, the influences of artifacts on the diagnostic performance of DECT were also determined. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of DECT in 196 patients were 38.10, 96.43%, and 0.673 in the early-stage group; 62.96, 100.00%, and 0.815 in the middle-stage group; and 77.55, 87.50%, and 0.825 in the late-stage group, respectively. The overall diagnostic accuracies in the AUC of DECT (Discovery CT750HD and Revolution CT) in the middle and late stages of gout were higher than that in the early stage of gout. Besides, the monosodium urate crystals were deposited on the first metatarsophalangeal joints and ankles/midfeet. Age, the presence of tophus, bone erosion, and disease duration considerably affected the total urate score. No statistical difference in the positive detection of nail artifact, skin artifact, vascular calcification, and noise artifact was found between the case and control groups. Conclusion: DECT (Discovery CT750HD and Revolution CT) showed promising diagnostic accuracy for the detection of urate crystal deposition in gout but had limited diagnostic sensitivity for short-stage gout. Longer disease duration, the presence of tophus, and bone erosion were associated with the urate crystal score system. The artifacts do not remarkably affect the diagnostic performance of DECT in gout.

Exploration of Stratified Evidence Scoring Method of Acupuncture Clinical Practice Guidelines / 中国结合医学杂志

Due to its own internal laws of development, Chinese medicine (CM) seems more inclined to empirical medicine in a relatively long historical period. It is considered to be lacking objective and unified clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), and the difficulties in diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation comes with it, have restricted its further inheritance, development and international communication. Over the years, our research group has been committed to improving the standardization theory and methodology of CM, also perfecting relative techniques for further application, which are all based on the stratified evidence scoring method. We have already applied this method to 45 issued guidelines, including 5 national guidelines, 3 industrial guidelines, and 37 formulation/revision social organization guidelines. The stratified evidence scoring method has been recognized and used widely. It helps scholars and applicators to study, formulate, publish and popularize the acupuncture therapy clinical practice guidelines better, thus further promotes the development of acupuncture therapy.

Optimization of inclusion process of Huaweishu Granules volatile oil based on the multi-index comprehensive scoring method / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the inclusion process for the volatile oil in Huaweishu Granules. Methods: Taking the ratio of volatile oil to β-cyclodextrin, inclusion temperature, stirring speed and stirring time as the factors, the inclusion process conditions were optimized by orthogonal test, the weight coefficients of each index were determined by entropy weight method, and the inclusion complex was verified by thin layer chromatography. Results: The inclusion rate of volatile oil obtained by stirring method was the highest, with the ratio of β-cyclodextrin to volatile oil of 10:1, the inclusion temperature was 40 ℃, the stirring time was 1 h, and the stirring rate was 400 r/min. Conclusion: The optimized volatile oil inclusion process is stable and feasible, with high inclusion rate of volatile oil and yield of inclusion compound.

Optimization of integration of field processing and crude drugs processing of Ligusticum chuanxiong / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the integration technology on field processing and processing crude drugs of Ligusticum chuanxiong (LC) and provide the scientific evidence for the integration of LC. Methods: Single factor test and orthogonal method was used to investigate the three significant influencing factors, which were water content, drying temperature, and slice thickness. Based on the appearance character and active component (ferulic acid, volatile oil, and extract) of LC, the integrated process was selected by comprehensive scoring method. To investigate the stability of the process, three batches of integrated slices were processed according to the optimized integrated process; And three batches of corresponding traditional slices were processed according to the method stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), and the quality of the two kinds of slices was compared. The rat migraine model was induced by nitroglycerin. The effects of two different processed slices on migraine were compared by recording the times of head flick and head scratching, the level of NO in serum and the activity of NOS in serum of rats. Results: The optimum integrated process was as follows: drying fresh LC until water content was 28%, cutting 2 mm thick slices, drying at 50 ℃ in drying box (about 6 h). The integrated process had good stability and repeatability, and the quality of integrated slices was close to that of traditional slices. Compared with the model group, two processed slices could significantly reduce the number of head flick and head scratch (P < 0.01, 0.001), and decreased the activity of NOS (P < 0.01), and the level of NO decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The pharmacodynamics of the two process pieces was similar. Conclusion: The integrated processing and traditional processing of Chuanxiong Rhizoma decoction has good similarity in character, effective component content and treatment of migraine. Moreover, the integrated processing has standardized the production of Chuanxiong Rhizoma decoction slices from the source. Under the premise of ensuring the quality of Chinese herbal slices, the production cycle is shortened and the production cost is saved. It is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine slices production mode which is worth popularizing.

A triage strategy in advanced ovarian cancer management based on multiple predictive models for R0 resection: a prospective cohort study / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To present the surgical outcomes of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (AEOC) since the implementation of a personalized approach and to validate multiple predictive models for R0 resection. METHODS: Personalized strategies included: 1) Non-invasive model: preoperative clinico-radiological assessment according to Suidan criteria with a predictive score for all individuals. Patients with a score 0–2 were recommended for primary debulking surgery (PDS, group A), or otherwise were counseled on the choices of PDS, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC, group B) or staging laparoscopy (S-LPS). 2) Minimally invasive model: S-LPS with a predictive index value (PIV) according to Fagotti. Individuals with a PIV < 8 underwent PDS (group C) or otherwise received NAC (group D). Intraoperative assessment (with Eisenkop, peritoneal cancer index [PCI], and Aletti scores) and surgical results were prospectively collected. RESULTS: Between September 2015 and August 2017, 161 pathologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer patients were included. A total of 52 (32.3%) patients had a predictive score of 0–2, and 109 (67.7%) patients had a score ≥ 3. Among these individuals, 41 (25.5%) patients received S-LPS. Finally, 110 (68.3%) patients underwent PDS (A+C), and 51 (31.7%) patients received NAC (B+D). The R0 resection rates in PDS and NAC patients were 56.4% and 60.8%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of Suidan criteria was 0.548 for group (A+C). The AUC of Fagotti score was 0.702 for group C. The AUC of Eisenkop, PCI, and Aletti scores were 0.808, 0.797, and 0.524, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Suidan criteria were not effective in these AEOC patients. S-LPS was helpful in decision-making for PDS and should be endorsed in the future.

Optimization of Wet Paper Roasting Technology of Rheum palmatum by Multi-index Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the wet paper roasting technology of Rheum palmatum. METHODS:Weighted comprehensive score composed of external properties of R. palmatum roasting with wet paper,the content of extract,total content of anthraquinone,free anthraquinones,conjugated anthraquinone and sennoside A+sennoside B,which were used as investigation indexes. L9(34)orthogonal test was adopted to investigate the three factors as the amount of paper,roasting time and roasting temperature,and optimized wet paper roasting technology of R. palmatum. Validation test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal roasting technology was as follows as 100 g R. palmatum covered with 12 g paper,processing at 120 ℃,for 2 h. The results of validation test and pilot test showed the average comprehensive scores of roasted R. palmatum were 84.99(RSD<2.0%,n=3) and 85.06(RSD<2.5%,n=3),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The optimal processing technology is simple and convenient with good reproducibility and operability.It lays a technical foundation for the standardized preparation of stewed R.palmatum.

Optimization of Eehanol Extraction Technology of Anti-atherosclerosis Effective Fraction in Lindley eupatorium by Multiple Index Scoring Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the ethanol extraction process of anti-atherosclerosis effective fraction of Lindley eupatorium. METHODS:Using the contents of hyperin,quercetin,kaempferol and jaceosidin as indexes,the effects of ethanol volume fraction,liquid-solid ratio,extraction time and extraction times on ethanol extraction technology were investigated. By multiple index scoring method,orthogonal test was designed to optimize extraction technology,and validation test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal extraction technology was 70% ethanol as extraction solvent with solid-liquid ratio of 12 : 1,reflux extracting for 3 times,2 h each time. Results of 3 batches of validation tests showed that the contents of 4 marker components were in high level,being 5.305 3,1.560 1,1.986 5,6.703 6 mg/g in average(RSD<1.1%,n=3). Results of validation tests were stable and reliable,and were in good agreement with the results of orthogonal tests. CONCLUSIONS:The optimized ethanol reflux extraction technology of L. eupatorium is stable and reliable,and performs well. Energy consumption and cost are suitable for industrial production.The results provide technology basis for further purification and enrichment of anti-atherosclerosis effective components of L.eupatorium.

Optimization of integration of field processing and processing crude drugs of Polygoni Multiflori Radix / 中草药

Objective: To optimize a technology of integration on field processing and processing crude drugs of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) and to provide the scientific evidence for the integration of PMR. Methods: Orthogonal test was used to optimize the integration technology on primary processing and reprocessing with two major characteristic components (stilbene glucoside and combined anthraquinone). To compare the differences between the integration technology and traditional technology on pharmacological activity by models of constipation and swelling of ear in mice with Various index (small intestinal propulsion rate, first defecation time, fecal water content, swelling degree of ear, and inflammatory factors). Results: The results showed that the integration technology of 50℃, 16 h was better, and there was significant difference in chemical composition and Laxative effect between the integration technology and traditional technology. The anti-inflammatory effect of the integrated process was better than that of the traditional technology. Conclusion: The technology of integration of field processing and processing crude drugs is feasible and the operation is good.

Optimization of ethanol extraction technique for Schisandrae Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix by multi index comprehensive weighted score evaluation / 中草药

Objective: To optimaize the ethanol extraction technique for Schisandrae Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and confirm the optimum extraction process parameters by multi index comprehensive weighted score evaluation. Methods: Alone and mixed extraction was carried out by using 90%, 70%, and 50% ethanol relux extraction. Orthogonal test method was uesd to optimize the process with ethanol concentration, solvent ratio, extraction time, and extraction times as detecting factors and schisandrin, schisantherrin A, deoxyschisandrin, schisandrin B, Tanshinone IIA, and salvianolic acid B as examining indexes, the detection was carried out by HPLC and DAD detector. The data were analyzed by multi index comprehensive weighted score evaluation. Results: The effective composition contents of mixed extract from Schisandrae Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix were more than alone extracting. The best extraction conditions were solvent ratio of 1:8 with 90% ethanol reflux extraction for three times, and 1.5 h each time. Conclusion: The mixed extracting is simple and appropriate, the extraction yield of active ingredients by mixed extracting is more than alone extracting. Different materials with different wavelength can effectively eliminate the interference at the same time, the accuracy is higher.

Workload of dispensing department in hospital using multivariate subdivision post scoring method / 药学实践杂志

Objective To evaluate the workload of dispensing department in hospital using multivariate subdivision post scoring method .Methods Workload data of dispensing department in hospital were collected through scoring the workload of dispensing department with multivariate subdivision post scoring method .Results The workload scores of dispensing depart‐ments differed obviously .The average workload score is 1 370 .38 ± 112 .60 ,CV% = 8 .22% .Conclusion The Multivariate subdivision post scoring method can get the workload score of dispensing department objectively .It′s simple to operate with low cost .This method can be used as the workload scoring for dispensing department in hospital .

Optimization Research on TCM Compound Prescription in Insomnia Treatment / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to screen out a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound prescription in insomnia treatment, through the method of uniform design and comprehensive scoring method. It provided candidate drugs to further research and development of TCM new drug. U7(76) uniform design was used to divide groups. The test was given on sleep time prolonging effect of mice injected with pentobarbital sodium. The subliminal dosage of pentobarbital hypnosis was tested on mice injected with pentobarbital sodium. The acute toxicity (LD50) was tested on mice. Comprehensive scoring method was applied to evaluate the effect to determine the optimum dose. The results showed the optimized prescription was composed of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Schisandra chinensis. The optimum ratio was 1:3. It was concluded that the uniform design was applied in the experimental design with 3 factors and 6 levels. Comprehensive scoring method was used to evaluate the combined effect. The optimized prescription that put benefit and risk into consideration was composed of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Schisandra chinensis. The best ratio was 1:3, which can be further developed.

Predicting Recurrence and Progession of Non Muscle Invasive Urothelial Cell Carcinoma of Bladder by Clinical and Pathological Prognostic Factors

About 80% of Bladder cancer is non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Despite of appropriate therapy, a lot of NMIBC recur as a superficial tumor or progress to muscle invasive disease. Several studies about prognostic factors of recurrence and progression have reported a single risk factor variously according to each study. These efforts were developed to predict the risk by scoring system and large-scale studies had been conducted. These studies had limitations that their patients did not receive BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) immunotherapy, immediate intravesical chemotherapy, second-look TUR (transurethral resection) in high-risk group. Through studies to date, patients with NMIBC have showed heterogenous prognosis and a more sophisticated scoring system can give personalized treatment and exact prediction.

A study on weight of indicators for evaluating service capacity of maternal and child health care institution at county level / 预防医学

Objective To obtain the weight coefficient of indicators for evaluating the service capacity of maternal and child health care institution at county level.Methods Expert scoring method and CRITIC method were used to calculate the subjective weight coefficient and objective weight coefficient respectively,then comprehensive weight coefficient of each indicator was calculated.Results A total of 25 indicators were selected,among which the minimum comprehensive weight coefficient was 0.033 4 and the maximum was 0.050 4.The 5 lowest weight coefficient indicators were the proportion of financial subsidies accounted for general income (X12),number of equipment valued above 10,000 Yuan (X7),number of available beds (X6),annual person -time number of hospitalization (X22)and annual person -time number of outpatient and emergency treatment (X21).The 5 highest weight coefficient indicators were the outpatient expenditure each time (X25),mortality rate of pregnant and lying -in women (X18),proportion of medical expenditure accounted for total expenditure (X13),indicators of the average hospital stay each time (X9)and diagnosis coincidence rate of hospital admission and discharge (X19).Conclusion This weight coefficient of indicators focuses more on the public health service and the comprehensive weight coefficient calculated by combining subjective weighting method and objective weighting method is more reasonable.

Prediction of Mortality in Patients with Acute Paraquat Intoxication Using Simplified Acute Physiology Score II / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of paraquat intoxication patients is poor and this makes the prediction of mortality important in administering aggressive treatment and admission. This article investigates the usefulness of simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II), as a predictor of the mortality in paraquat intoxication. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 65 patients who were admitted in one hospital between January in 2005 and December in 2010. We calculated their SAPS II, serum paraquat level, and severity index of paraquat poisoning (SIPP) at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We investigated the relationship between each systems and the mortality. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 73.8%: 48 out of 65 patients died. Non-survived group (n = 48) had a higher SAPS II score (30.44 +/- 15.99) than survived group (n = 17 [15.7 +/- 6.26], p < 0.001). Serum paraquat level and SIPP were significantly higher in non-survived group than in survived group (p < 0.05, in all comparisons). By using the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC), the SAPS II system yielded equal discriminative power (AUC = 0.82) with serum paraquat level (AUC = 0.896) and SIPP (AUC = 0.865). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test C indicated SAPS II score validated well in paraquat intoxication group (p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Serum paraquat level is the best way for prediction of mortality in patients with acute paraquat intoxication. If checking serum paraquat level is impossible or delayed, SAPS II score can be an alternative tool for evaluating the prognosis in paraquat intoxication.

Efecto de diferentes métodos de puntuación sobre la fiabilidad, validez y puntos de corte de la escala de depresión del centro para estudios epidemiológicos (CES-D) / Effect of different scoring methods on the reliability, validity, and cut points of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D)

Este estudio compara el efecto de cuatro métodos de puntuación para la Escala de Depresión del Centro para Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D), sobre la fiabilidad, validez concurrente, puntos de corte, sensibilidad, especificidad y fiabilidad de clasificación de la escala. La CES-D fue puntuada utilizando el método "ordinal" convencional, dos métodos binarios ("presencia" y "persistencia" de los síntomas) y un nuevo sistema de puntuación "semanal". A partir de análisis psicométricos y de curvas ROC, realizados sobre una muestra normativa (n=1143) y clínica (n=44), se encontró que los métodos "ordinal" y "semanal" se desempeñan mejor en la detección de depresión. Por otro lado, el método por "persistencia" de los síntomas mostró el peor desempeño. En general, los resultados muestran que el método de puntuación tiene efecto en la fiabilidad y validez de la CES-D.

This study compare the effect of four scoring methods for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) on score reliability, concurrent validity, cut points, sensibility, specificity and classifica-tion reliability of the scale. The CES-D was scored using the conventional "ordinal" method, two binary methods ("presence" and "persistence" of symptoms) and a new "weekly" scoring system. On the basis of both psychometric analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, performed on normative (n=1143) and clinical (n=44) samples, it was found that the "ordinal" and "weekly" methods performed best in detecting depression. On the other hand, the "persistence" of symptoms method resulted in worse performance. Overall, the results indícate that the scoring method has an effect on the reliability and validity of the CES-D.

Interobserver variation in the interpretation of Nugent scoring method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.

Background & objectives: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common form of vaginal infection and an important cause of morbidity in women of reproductive age. This study was carried out to examine the interobserver variation on interpretation of Nugent scoring method in the diagnosis of BV. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a rural primary health care center of north India from May 2003 to April 2004 and included 601 married, sexually active women between 18-49 yr of age presented with self-reported symptoms of vaginal discharge and/or genital itching and/or genital burning. Specimens collected from the lateral wall of vagina were subjected to Gram staining and the microscope slide smears were examined by 3 independent observers. Each of the three observers scored and interpreted the slides for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using the Nugent method. Results: Complete agreement amongst the three observers was found in 76.2 per cent of cases. In 22.13 per cent cases, two observers were in agreement while interpretation of the slides were in complete disagreement only in 1.66 per cent of cases. The interrater reproducibility was found to be excellent between observers 1 and 3, while between observers 1 and 2, and 2 and 3 it was good to fair. Interpretation & conclusions: Nugent scoring system appears to be a reliable and convenient method for laboratory evaluation of cases of bacterial vaginosis. At the same time, one must be aware of the factors that might lead to discrepant results.

A Scoring Method for Quantitative Assessment of Cardiovascular Health Status Based on Non-linear Parameters / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To study a scoring method for assessing function status of cardiovascular system quantitatively. Methods First, exercise heart rate variability (EHRV) was obtained from the primary dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded during exercise testing. Then appropriate entropy, relative complexity, and other three parameters extracted from poincare dispersed-dot plot were extracted from the EHRV. Discriminant analysis was used to classify two extreme groups.Results Based on the values of two groups from the discriminant formula, a scoring formula was proposed and four ranks were divided according to different score domains. A novel scoring method was established. To validate the proposed scoring method, 60 middle-aged hypertensives, 50 elder subjects and 110 young healthy subjects were examined and scored. Conclusion Scores of 220 subjects are consistent with their real health status. The proposed scoring method reflects the status of the subject's cardiovascular system effectively.

Summary on Scoring Method Grading in Computer-based Case Simulation Examination / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The computer-based case simulation is a method of medical exam which can test students to solve the clinical ability,in particular the clinical policy-making thought and it is one of important methods of solving patient problem ability.This article is to introduce concept,the development as well as scoring method.It also expounds the superiority of the computer-based case simulation and shortcoming of the scoring method to provide the warrenty for the application in the nation-wide range in future.